Angular (not to be confused with AngularJS), developed by Google and first released in 2016, is a popular JavaScript frontend & mobile framework. Some note that whereas React is just a library, Angular is a complete framework. Like React, Angular allows for componentization and modularization. It is used - among other companies - by Google and Microsoft.
IT Skills Glossary for Non-Technical People
Angular
Backend development
Backend development, aka server-side development, is a programming practice dedicated to creating programs that run on computers separate from end-users' devices and which serve data to those devices. Servers can serve data to frontend (aka client-side, aka web) programs, to native (mobile & desktop) programs and other servers.
Whereas, there is one dominant scripting language for the frontend development (namely JavaScript), plethora of languages are used on servers, including JavaScript, PHP, Python, Java, C#, Ruby, and Go.
Whereas, there is one dominant scripting language for the frontend development (namely JavaScript), plethora of languages are used on servers, including JavaScript, PHP, Python, Java, C#, Ruby, and Go.
Client-side development
See "Frontend development".
Cross-platform development
Cross-platform development is a programming practice dedicated to creating programs using a single codebase that run on different devices and/or different operating systems directly on those devices (natively) and/or within a browser envrionment.
Many different programming languages can be used for cross-platform development.
Popular frameworks for cross-platform development include among others React Native, Flutter, and Electron.
Many different programming languages can be used for cross-platform development.
Popular frameworks for cross-platform development include among others React Native, Flutter, and Electron.
Desktop development
Desktop development is a programming practice dedicated to creating programs that run directly on end-user's computers (natively), as opposed to running within a browser envrionment.
Different languages are used for desktop development depending on the platform.
For example, for Windows the language of choice would be C#, for macOS it would be Swift, and for Linux C, Java, Python, and other languages.
Different languages are used for desktop development depending on the platform.
For example, for Windows the language of choice would be C#, for macOS it would be Swift, and for Linux C, Java, Python, and other languages.
Frontend development
Frontend development, aka client-side development, is a programming practice dedicated to creating HTML documents and/or programs which run within a browser environment on end-users' devices (such as computers, tablets & mobile phones), as opposed to native mobile & native destkop programs which run on end-user's devices but not within a browser environment.
Front-end development is primary effected through usage of the HTML markup language, CSS style-sheet and JavaScript scripting language.
Front-end development is primary effected through usage of the HTML markup language, CSS style-sheet and JavaScript scripting language.
Java
Java (originated in 1991, first released in 1995) is a hugely popular programming language used for a) native mobile (Android), b) cross-platform, and c) server-side development. When it comes to cross-platform development, the motto associated with Java is "Write once, run anywhere", meaning that a Java program can be written once and run on multiple platforms like Android, macOS, Windows, and Linux (however, some minor adjustments may be required).
In terms of server-side applications, Java is one of the most prominent languages in the banking industry.
Beyond financial software, Java is present in a wide array of sectors, from gaming to scientific research.
Java is also used in devices such as smart TVs, washing machines, dishwashers, fridges, elevators, and many others.
Java is known for its reliability and security.
In terms of server-side applications, Java is one of the most prominent languages in the banking industry.
Beyond financial software, Java is present in a wide array of sectors, from gaming to scientific research.
Java is also used in devices such as smart TVs, washing machines, dishwashers, fridges, elevators, and many others.
Java is known for its reliability and security.
JavaScript
JavaScript (originated in 1995), is the primary programming language of the front-end (client-side) development. It runs in most browsers and adds dynamicity to (otherwise static) HTML web pages. Whereas, the backend (server-side) development can be effected by multitude of languages, the client-side overwhelmingly belongs to JavaScript.
In addition to being the primary language of the client-side development, JavaScript can also be used on the server-side thanks to the Node.js engine. Therefore, JavaScript is both, a client- and server-side programming language.
Further, JavaScript can also be used to create native (mobile & desktop) applications.
JavaScript has vast ecosystem of battle-tested frameworks and libraries, like React, Angular, Vue.js, Express.js, Next.js, Nest.js, React Native and Electron to name a few.
Due to being the primary language of the client-side web development and due to its versatility, JavaScript is one of the most prominent languages of the moderns times, if not the most prominent.
In addition to being the primary language of the client-side development, JavaScript can also be used on the server-side thanks to the Node.js engine. Therefore, JavaScript is both, a client- and server-side programming language.
Further, JavaScript can also be used to create native (mobile & desktop) applications.
JavaScript has vast ecosystem of battle-tested frameworks and libraries, like React, Angular, Vue.js, Express.js, Next.js, Nest.js, React Native and Electron to name a few.
Due to being the primary language of the client-side web development and due to its versatility, JavaScript is one of the most prominent languages of the moderns times, if not the most prominent.
Mobile development
Mobile development is a programming practice dedicated to creating programs that run directly on end-users' mobile devices (natively), as opposed to running within a browser environment.
Different languages are used for mobile development depending on the platform.
For example, for Android the languages of choice would be Java and Kotlin and for iOS it would be Swift.
Different languages are used for mobile development depending on the platform.
For example, for Android the languages of choice would be Java and Kotlin and for iOS it would be Swift.
Mobile development
Mobile development is a programming practice dedicated to creating programs that run directly on end-users' mobile devices (natively), as opposed to running within a browser environment.
Different languages are used for mobile development depending on the platform.
For example, for Android the languages of choice would be Java and Kotlin and for iOS it would be Swift.
Different languages are used for mobile development depending on the platform.
For example, for Android the languages of choice would be Java and Kotlin and for iOS it would be Swift.
MySQL
MySQL, initially released in 1995, is a vastly popular, partly open source (it uses dual-licensing distribution) relational database management system (RDBMS) developed by Oracle Corporation. See also: "SQL". There are myriads of companies using MySQL, including Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube.
NoSQL
NoSQL, is a term used to describe an approach that first appeared in late 1960s (although the term "NoSQL" itself was coined in 1998) of designing databases in non-relational manner which means that NoSQL databases don't store data in strict structured tables and therefore don't allow for database-level enforcable relationships between data pieces stored in those tables but rather use data structures which values don't strictly depend on each other and which values' structures can differ from each other. This allows for flexibility and often better performance in comparison to relational databases which, however, might come at the cost of database-level referential integrity.
React
React, developed by Facebook (now Meta) and first released in 2013, is a JavaScript - primarily frontend - library dedicated to streamlining creation of single page applications. React allows for code reusability and modularity due to its built-in component system. React is one of the most popular JavaScript libraries. It is used by companies such as Facebook, Instagram, Netflix, and Airbnb.
Ruby
Ruby (released in 1995) is a popular general-purpose (but mostly used on server-side) programming language designed for productivity, simplicity, and readability.
One of the reasons for Ruby's popularity is the Ruby on Rails framework, which allows quick bootstrapping of projects by providing boilerplate code and enforcing conventions.
Ruby is known for its large and thriving community. Ruby on Rails is a Ruby gem, which is another name for a Ruby library. Community gems are available at https://rubygems.org.
For these reasons, Ruby is very popular among startups. Many widely used services either currently use Ruby or were based on it at their inception. A few examples include GitHub, Airbnb, and Shopify.
One of the reasons for Ruby's popularity is the Ruby on Rails framework, which allows quick bootstrapping of projects by providing boilerplate code and enforcing conventions.
Ruby is known for its large and thriving community. Ruby on Rails is a Ruby gem, which is another name for a Ruby library. Community gems are available at https://rubygems.org.
For these reasons, Ruby is very popular among startups. Many widely used services either currently use Ruby or were based on it at their inception. A few examples include GitHub, Airbnb, and Shopify.
Ruby on Rails
Ruby on Rails (RoR), initially released in 2004 by David Heinemeier Hansson, is a popular open-source full-stack Ruby framework dedicated to creating websites and/or server applications. Ruby on Rails is designed to facilitate and speed up application building through provision of boiler plate code, ready-made components, structure and enforcing conventions (one of the Ruby on Rails mottos is "convention over configuration"). Companies that use or were originally built with Ruby on Rails include GitHub, Airbnb, Twitch and Shopify.
Server-side development
See "Backend development".
SQL (Structured Query Language)
SQL (Structured Query Language), first appeared in 1974, is a hugely popular special-purpose (aka domain specific) computer language dedicated to interacting with relational databases. A relational database is a database in which enforceable relationships can be introduced between data pieces which allows for so called referential integrity (something that is generally lacking in NoSQL databases). SQL is used to Create, Read (query), Update and Delete data (therefore, the acronym CRUD is often associated with it).
TypeScript
TypeScript, developed by Microsoft and introduced in 2012, is extension to the JavaScript language, that adds automatically verifiable rules and guidelines which facilitate JavaScript programs code organization, self-documentation, and, generally, make them less error-prone. Furthermore, TypeScript enhances JavaScript with some additional functionalities, like enumerators or decorators. TypeScript is widely used and adopted by big companies like Microsoft and Google.